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History of insurance: Medieval era
History of insurance. Medieval era. Sea loans or foenus nauticum were common before the traditional marine insurance in the medieval times, in which investor lend his money to a travelling merchant, and merchant will be liable to pay back if the ship returns safely, providing credit and sea insurance at the same time. The rate of interest for sea loans was high to compensate higher risk involved. Hence, in sea loans merchants have to pay the interest charges to the lenders for bearing the sea risk rather than profit sharing, as it was the case in sedentary-travelling merchant relationship. Therefore, due the usury involvement in the transaction, in 1236 the Pope Gregory IX condemned this practice in his decretal Naviganti (Roover, 1945, p. 175; See also Kingston, 2011). The commenda contracts were introduced when Pope Gregory IX condemned the sea loans because of usury. Capitalist provide funds to entrepreneur to carry out trade on partnership, sharing the profit but both sea and c...
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How and why are insurance classified?
How and why are insurance classified? The classification of insurance allows to establish differences and similarities of forms and types of insurance, to reduce them to a certain number of groups and thus facilitate their study and practical use. The classification of insurance divides the whole set of insurance relationships into interdependent links (in the sphere of activity, industry, sub-sector and types) that are in each other in a certain subordination, in such a way that each subsequent link of the classification is part of the previous one. It is also important for understanding the internal structure of insurance, in developing methodological approaches to its assessment, as well as in its theoretical study. By objects of insurance Objects of insurance are the main feature of the classification of insurance: property insurance – a set of types of insurance, the object of which is the property of legal entities and individuals, for example, insurance of land transpo...
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History of insurance: Ancient world
History of insurance. Ancient world. Initially people used to sell goods in their own villages and gathering society. However, with the passage of time, they turned to nearby villages to sell. Furthermore, in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, the European traders used to travel to sell their goods across the globe and to hedge the risk of theft or fraud by the Capitan or crew also known as Risicum Gentium. However, they realized that selling this way, involves not only the risk of loss (i.e. damaged, theft or life of trader as well) but also they cannot cover the wider market. Therefore, the trend of hiring commissioned base agents across different markets emerged. The traders sent (export) their goods to the agents who on the behalf of traders sold them. Sending goods to the agents by road or sea involves different risks i.e. sea storms, pirate attack; goods may be damaged due to poor handling while loading and unloading, etc. Traders exploited different measures to he...
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Property insurance
Property insurance (except for the cases provided for by paragraphs 5-9 of Article 6 of the Law of Ukraine "On Insurance") Property insurance (except for the cases provided for in paragraphs 5-9 of Article 6 of the Law of Ukraine "On Insurance") is a type of insurance where the subject of the insurance contract are property rights that do not contradict the law on ownership, use and disposal of property specified in the regulations and the insurance contract (except for rail, land, air, water (inland and other types of water transport), cargo and baggage, agricultural products). This type of insurance provides for the Insurer's obligation to pay indemnity in accordance with the insurance policy by reimbursing the Insured or another person designated by the Insured in the insurance policy (beneficiary) for the loss incurred by them in connection with damage, destruction (loss) or loss of the insured property for the fee (insurance premium, insurance payment, ...
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Insurance of issued guarantees (sureties) and accepted guarantees
Insurance of issued guarantees (sureties) and accepted guarantees Insurance of issued and accepted guarantees (sureties) is a type of insurance where the subject of the insurance contract are property interests that are not contrary to the law and are related to losses Losses incurred by the creditor as a result of non-fulfillment (improper fulfillment) of obligations by the guarantor (surety) in the amount and within the terms specified in the guarantee (surety agreement); Losses incurred by the guarantor (surety) as a result of non-performance (improper performance) by the debtor of its obligations to the creditor to the extent and within the terms specified in the agreement. This type of insurance provides for the insurer's obligation to pay the insurance indemnity in accordance with the terms of the insurance contract for the fee (insurance premium, insurance payment, insurance premium) established by the insurance contract by indemnifying the Insured, if the Insured ...
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