Insurance Guides

History of insurance. Medieval era. Sea loans or foenus nauticum were common before the traditional marine insurance in the medieval times, in which investor lend his money to a travelling merchant, and merchant will be liable to pay back if the ship returns safely, providing credit and sea insurance at the same time. The rate of interest for sea loans was high to compensate higher risk involved. Hence, in sea loans merchants have to pay the interest charges to the lenders for bearing the sea risk rather than profit sharing, as it was the case in sedentary-travelling merchant relationship. Therefore, due the usury involvement in the transaction, in 1236 the Pope Gregory IX condemned this practice in his decretal Naviganti (Roover, 1945, p. 175; See also Kingston, 2011). The commenda contracts were introduced when Pope Gregory IX condemned the sea loans because of usury. Capitalist provide funds to entrepreneur to carry out trade on partnership, sharing the profit but both sea and

History of insurance. Ancient world. Initially people used to sell goods in their own villages and gathering society. However, with the passage of time, they turned to nearby villages to sell. Furthermore, in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, the European traders used to travel to sell their goods across the globe and to hedge the risk of theft or fraud by the Capitan or crew also known as Risicum Gentium. However, they realized that selling this way, involves not only the risk of loss (i.e. damaged, theft or life of trader as well) but also they cannot cover the wider market. Therefore, the trend of hiring commissioned base agents across different markets emerged. The traders sent (export) their goods to the agents who on the behalf of traders sold them. Sending goods to the agents by road or sea involves different risks i.e. sea storms, pirate attack; goods may be damaged due to poor handling while loading and unloading, etc. Traders exploited different measures to